Preliminary investigation of the administration of biperiden to reduce relapses in individuals with cocaine/crack user disorder: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have demonstrated that ACh modulates the dopaminergic circuit in the nucleus accumbens, and its blockade appears to be associated with the inhibition of the reinforced effect or the increase in dopamine caused by cocaine use. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biperiden (a muscarinic receptor antagonist with a relatively higher affinity for the M1 receptor) on crack/cocaine use relapse compared to a control group that received placebo. METHODS: This study is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The intervention group received 2 mg of biperiden, 3 times a day, for a period of 3 months. The control group received identical placebo capsules, at the same frequency and over the same period. All participants were followed for a period of six months. RESULTS: The sample comprised 128 people, with 61 in the control group and 67 in the biperiden group. Lower substance consumption was observed in the group that received biperiden treatment two (bT2 = -2.2 [-3.3; -1.0], p < 0.001) and six months (bT4 = -6, 2 [-8.6; -3.9], p < 0.001) after the beginning of the intervention. The biperiden group had a higher latency until a possible first day of consumption, in the same evaluation periods (bT2 = 0.26 [0.080; 0.44], p = 0.004; bT4 = 0.63 [0.32; 0.93], p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the major limitations of the present study, the group that received biperiden reduced the number of days of cocaine/crack use and showed an increase in the latency time for relapse. More studies are needed to confirm the utility of this approach.

Impact of the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic on the sleep patterns of a Brazilian population sample.

Humanitarian and health crisis have drastic effects on the physical and mental well-being of people. The COVID-19 pandemic forced many countries to impose containment measures on its population to halt the spread of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). This aim of this study was to explore self-reported sleep quality and insomnia symptoms in a sample of the Brazilian population before and during the COVID-19 quarantine period. Our data was collected through online questionnaires, including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Insomnia Severity Index, and the Sleep Hygiene Index. The final sample comprised 1,109 volunteers. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) revealed that during the initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic, alterations in self-reported sleep parameters were observed in the participants. Sleep efficiency and sleep duration increased, but there was a worsening in sleep quality and an increase in symptoms related to insomnia.

A Systematic Review on Alcohol Consumption among Non-Religious and Religious Adults.

Background: Research has suggested that religiosity is a protective factor in alcohol use, but this is an area that could be further explored. Objective: To undertake a systematic review of the literature on drinking patterns and their relationship with religiosity and non-religiosity in adult populations. Methods: We searched for relevant studies using the PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus, and Psych-INFO databases. This review included only studies of people aged 18 and over which had a non-religious group as a comparison measure. Results: Fifty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. The present review showed that religious people tend to have lower alcohol consumption compared to those with no religion. However, this difference appears only when religions are analyzed together without differentiating between religious affiliations (Catholicism, Buddhism, Evangelicalism, etc.). Some religious affiliations, such as Buddhism, Catholicism and Lutheranism, appear to be risk factors for alcohol consumption. Definitions of risk consumption showed high heterogeneity, ranging from eight to 21 or more doses per week, a difference of 13 doses of alcohol between studies. Conclusions: The present review showed that religious people tend to have lower alcohol consumption compared to non-religious people. However, the results are contradictory when religious affiliations are analyzed separately and compared with non-religious participants. Adequately understanding which dimensions of religiosity and non-religiosity (e.g., group processes, engagement, meaning, rules of behavior) are protective in adulthood is fundamental to the construction of more effective interventions in this age group.

The effects of hormonal contraceptive use on sleep in women: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Hormonal contraceptives are some of the most widely used medications worldwide, but studies on their effects on sleep are contradictory, with some reporting a sleep-promoting effect, while others a sleep-inhibiting effect. Our objective was, therefore, to undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on this subject to try to clarify their effects. A search was conducted in three databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science). Only studies evaluating hormonal contraception use were considered eligible, and both objective and subjective sleep-related outcomes were considered. Individual effect size was calculated for each article, and meta-analyses were performed using a DerSimonian and Laird random effects method. The initial search identified 2076 articles, of which 13 met the criteria for the study after full text evaluation. A total of 33 meta-analyses were performed, three of them related to subjective measures and 30 considering data from polysomnography. The only statistically significant result between contraceptive users and non-contraceptive users was observed in respect of wake after sleep onset, which was 7 min shorter among contraceptive users (-7.12 [-12.80; -1.44]; I2  = 65%; p = 0.01). In conclusion, hormonal contraceptives are not associated with clinically relevant changes in sleep patterns in women.

The Effects of Hormonal Contraceptives on the Sleep of Women of Reproductive Age.

Research about the effects of hormonal contraceptives on sleep has been performed but is subjected to important levels of methodological heterogeneity. Hormonal contraceptives impact sleep, but the direction of this association is not clear. Most studies describe a negative sleep profile among contraceptive users, including increased sleepiness, insomnia symptoms, decreased sleep efficiency, and a reduced overall sleep quality. Hormonal intrauterine contraceptives are associated with less negative effects. More research on the field, especially randomized controlled trials, is needed to increase the level and certainty of evidence about the effects of hormonal contraceptives on sleep.

Omega-3 for the Prevention of Alcohol Use Disorder Relapse: A Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Recent studies have sought to identify the possible benefits of the intake of omega-3, an important component of neuronal membranes, for the treatment of alcohol use disorder. Aim: The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether omega-3 supplementation is protective against alcohol use disorder relapse after hospital discharge. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was carried out with severe alcohol dependence. Male inpatients were randomized to treatment with omega-3 (n = 59) or placebo (n = 52) for 3 months, participants were assessed after discharge at 1 month (T1), 2 months (T2), 3 months (T3), and 6 months (T4) with assessments made using self-report instruments. The primary outcomes were the possible reduction with assessments made using self-report instruments. The primary outcomes were the possible reduction in the number, intensity of relapses, amount of consumption in each relapse and number of days of consumption during relapses; as secondary outcomes were assessed symptoms of anxiety, depression, degree of dependence, compulsion, and craving. Results: The groups were similar regarding consumption amount parameters and propensity to relapse; however, an effect of treatment with omega-3 was found on the number of days of drinking at 2 months [B = 0.65 (0.09; 1, 21), p = 0.01] and 3 months [B = 2.6 (1.61; 3.58), p < 0.001] after discharge, favoring the intervention group. The effect was not maintained at follow up of 6 months. No differences were found in psychiatric symptoms and severity of addiction. Conclusion: Despite the major limitations of the present study, the group that received omega-3 had a lower number of days of consumption of standard doses of alcohol in the evaluations of 60 and 90 days after discharge. More robust studies are needed to confirm or refute these findings. Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials: n° RBR-48mkgz7 (URL: https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-48mkgz7).

Drug Use Frequency Variation and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: an Online Survey.

In December 2019, a new disease caused by a coronavirus was first identified in China and quickly spread across the world, causing a large number of deaths. Quarantine has been implemented in many countries as a measure to prevent the spread of the disease. The impact of this situation on drug use and mental health is still poorly understood. Therefore, this cross-sectional study sought to assess possible associations between quarantine, the use of psychoactive substances, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. The assessment instruments used were the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9); the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale; and an adaptation of the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). The sample consisted of 2398 participants who met the following inclusion criteria: being in quarantine, aged 18 years or older, and living in Brazil. There was a decrease in the frequency of use of practically all drugs investigated in the evaluated sample. However, some factors were associated with less variations in the frequency of substance use before and during quarantine. These factors were being male, single, and having an occupation different from homemaker.

Hot flashes, insomnia, and the reproductive stages: a cross-sectional observation of women from the EPISONO study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association of hot flashes and insomnia in women in premenopause and postmenopause. METHODS: The study was performed using data from the São Paulo Epidemiological Sleep Study. Women in premenopause were classified as having regular menstrual cycles, being anovulatory, or using hormonal contraceptives. Women in menopause were classified as being in perimenopause, early postmenopause, or late postmenopause. Women reporting frequent insomnia symptoms and relevant daytime complaints were classified as having insomnia disorder. Polysomnography alterations suggestive of insomnia were also identified. RESULTS: The frequency of hot flashes was 42% among women in postmenopause (mainly in early postmenopause) and 9% among women in premenopause (mainly anovulatory; P < .01). Approximately 18.7% had insomnia disorder, 48% had isolated insomnia symptoms, and 32.4% had polysomnography alterations. Comparing women in menopause with those in premenopause, the diagnosis of insomnia was similar (premenopause: 18.9% vs menopause: 17.5%), but women in menopause had more frequent isolated insomnia symptoms (premenopause: 43.9% vs menopause: 55.9%; P = .02) and polysomnography correlates of insomnia (premenopause: 26.5% vs menopause: 42.6%; P < .01). Hot flashes were more frequent among women with insomnia disorders (25.5%) and with isolated insomnia symptoms (23.0%) when compared with good sleepers (12.6%) in the entire sample (P = .01). Among women in late menopause, the prevalence of hot flashes was higher in both women with insomnia disorders (42.1%) and with isolated insomnia symptoms (37.5%) when compared with women who were good sleepers (14.3%; P = .05). CONCLUSIONS: Hot flashes are associated with insomnia and polysomnography alterations suggestive of insomnia. The prevalence of hot flashes among women with insomnia disorder is especially high among women in late postmenopause. CITATION: Hachul H, Castro LS, Bezerra AG, et al. Hot flashes, insomnia, and the reproductive stages: a cross-sectional observation of women from the EPISONO study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(11):2257-2267.

COVID-19 meta-analyses: a scoping review and quality assessment.

OBJECTIVE: To carry out a scoping review of the meta-analyses published regarding about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), evaluating their main characteristics, publication trends and methodological quality. METHODS: A bibliometric search was performed in PubMed®, Scopus and Web of Science, focusing on meta-analyses about COVID-2019 disease. Bibliometric and descriptive data for the included articles were extracted and the methodological quality of the included meta-analyses was evaluated using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews. RESULTS: A total of 348 meta-analyses were considered eligible. The first meta-analysis about COVID-19 disease was published on February 26, 2020, and the number of meta-analyses has grown rapidly since then. Most of them were published in infectious disease and virology journals. The greatest number come from China, followed by the United States, Italy and the United Kingdom. On average, these meta-analyses included 23 studies and 15,200 participants. Overall quality was remarkably low, and only 8.9% of them could be considered as of high confidence level. CONCLUSION: Although well-designed meta-analyses about COVID-19 disease have already been published, the majority are of low quality. Thus, all stakeholders playing a role in COVID-19 deseases, including policy makers, researchers, publishers and journals, should prioritize well-designed meta-analyses, performed only when the background information seem suitable, and discouraging those of low quality or that use suboptimal methods.

Effects of biperiden (cholinergic muscarinic m1/m4 receptor antagonist) on ethanol conditioned place preference in mice.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that muscarinic cholinergic receptors might act upon the dopamine release in the mesolimbic system and alter drug-reinforcing values related to drug craving. AIMS: We examined the effects of systemic biperiden administration, a muscarinic cholinergic (M1/M4) receptor antagonist, on ethanol (dose of 2 g/Kg) conditioned place preference (CPP), neuronal activation, dopamine and its metabolites levels in the nucleus accumbens. METHODS: Thirty minutes before the ethanol-induced CPP test, mice received saline or biperiden at doses of 1.0, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg. The time spent in each compartment was recorded for 15 min. After the CPP protocol, animals were euthanized, and we investigated the activation of the nucleus accumbens by immunohistochemistry for Fos. We also quantified dopamine, homovanillic acid (HVA), and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels in the nucleus accumbens by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Additionally, the rotarod was employed to evaluate the effects of biperiden on motor coordination. RESULTS: Biperiden at different doses (1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg) blocked the expression of ethanol-induced CPP. These biperiden doses increased the number of Fos-positive cells and the dopamine turnover in the nucleus accumbens. None of the doses affected the motor coordination evaluated by the rotarod. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that biperiden can modulate the effect of alcohol reward, and its mechanism of action may involve a change in dopamine and cholinergic mesolimbic neurotransmission.

COVID-19 meta-analyses: a scoping review and quality assessment / Metanálises sobre COVID-19: revisão de escopo e análise de qualidade

ABSTRACT Objective: To carry out a scoping review of the meta-analyses published regarding about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), evaluating their main characteristics, publication trends and methodological quality. Methods: A bibliometric search was performed in PubMed®, Scopus and Web of Science, focusing on meta-analyses about COVID-2019 disease. Bibliometric and descriptive data for the included articles were extracted and the methodological quality of the included meta-analyses was evaluated using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews. Results: A total of 348 meta-analyses were considered eligible. The first meta-analysis about COVID-19 disease was published on February 26, 2020, and the number of meta-analyses has grown rapidly since then. Most of them were published in infectious disease and virology journals. The greatest number come from China, followed by the United States, Italy and the United Kingdom. On average, these meta-analyses included 23 studies and 15,200 participants. Overall quality was remarkably low, and only 8.9% of them could be considered as of high confidence level. Conclusion: Although well-designed meta-analyses about COVID-19 disease have already been published, the majority are of low quality. Thus, all stakeholders playing a role in COVID-19 deseases, including policy makers, researchers, publishers and journals, should prioritize well-designed meta-analyses, performed only when the background information seem suitable, and discouraging those of low quality or that use suboptimal methods.

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão de escopo das metanálises publicadas sobre a doença pelo coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19), avaliando suas principais características, tendências de publicação e qualidade metodológica. Métodos: Uma busca bibliométrica foi realizada em PubMed®, Scopus e Web of Science, com foco em metanálises sobre a doença pelo COVID-19. Foram extraídos dados bibliométricos e descritivos dos artigos incluídos, e a qualidade metodológica foi avaliada usando a ferramenta A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews. Resultados: Um total de 348 metanálises foram consideradas elegíveis. A primeira delas foi publicada em 26 de fevereiro de 2020, e, desde então, o número dessas publicações cresceu rapidamente. A maioria foi publicada em periódicos de infectologia e virologia. Grande parte é proveniente da China, seguida dos Estados Unidos, da Itália e do Reino Unido. Em média, as metanálises incluíram 23 estudos e 15.200 participantes. Em geral, a qualidade metodológica foi baixa, e apenas 8,9% delas podem ser consideradas de algum grau de confiabilidade Conclusão: Embora algumas metanálises bem conduzidas sobre a doença pelo COVID-19 tenham sido publicadas, a maioria apresenta baixa qualidade. Todos os envolvidos na abordagem da doença pelo COVID-19, incluindo formuladores de políticas, pesquisadores, editoras e periódicos, devem dar prioridade a metanálises de alta qualidade, realizadas apenas quando os dados são viáveis, e desencorajar as de baixa qualidade ou conduzidas com métodos subótimos.

Hormonal contraceptive use and subjective sleep reports in women: An online survey.

Female sexual hormones have known hypnogenic effects and the use of hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal women leads to improvement in sleep quality. However, the effects of hormonal contraceptives in women of reproductive age are still scarcely understood. This study sought to evaluate the impact of hormonal contraceptive use on subjective self-reports of sleep through a web-based cross-sectional survey. A total of 2,055 women between 18 and 40 years old participated by answering an online questionnaire evaluating hormonal contraceptive use, sleep-related characteristics and related features. Sleep assessment tools comprised the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Statistical comparisons were performed between hormonal contraceptive users and those who reported no current use. Analyses were repeated to compare users of combined contraceptives with users of progestagens only, as well as to compare users of different generations of contraceptives. Among the total sample, 1,286 participants met the inclusion criteria (918 of them were currently taking a hormonal contraceptive). Contraceptive users reported more frequent sleep complaints and had higher scores on ESS and ISI, which means increased excessive daytime sleepiness and more insomnia symptoms. Women using progestagen-only therapies reported lower total sleep duration compared with combined therapy. Users of third-generation contraceptives showed lower total sleep time and higher ISI score when compared with non-users. In conclusion, contraceptive users have more insomnia symptoms and increased excessive daytime sleepiness when compared with women who do not use any hormonal contraceptive method, and progestagen-only therapy was associated with lower sleep duration.

OMEGA-3 Interventions in Alcohol Dependence and Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Propositions.

BACKGROUND: Pharmacological treatment for alcohol dependence has only three approved drugs: disulfiram, naltrexone and acamprosate. The effects of these drugs are, however, limited, presenting several side effects and a modestly higher efficacy compared to placebo. The administration of omega-3 might bring new perspectives to relapse prevention. METHODS: This systematic review aimed to analyze the available literature, compiling the studies that used omega-3 to prevent relapse in alcohol dependents. RESULTS: The databases used were PubMed and Web of Science. We identified 2,231 studies and only five articles addressed the administration of omega-3 and alcoholism. Preclinical studies evaluating the effects of PUFAs related to chronic alcohol administration showed improvements in behavioral, cellular and molecular levels. The clinical trial yielded inconclusive results. CONCLUSION: Despite the reduced number of studies, omega-3 interventions seem to be promising for controlling issues related to alcohol dependence.

Gender differences in the application of anthropometric measures for evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea.

This study aims to investigate anthropometric measures and their effectiveness as screening method for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in each gender. We also evaluated which measures were associated with OSA in the adult population of a large metropolitan city, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 552 women and 450 men were submitted to polysomnography (PSG), and the anthropometric measurements as body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio, neck and waist circumference were collected. The measurements were then compared with the OSA classification established by the PSG. In women, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio were found to be the best predictor, while in men, the factors with great potential for identification varied according to severity of the disease, highlighting waist-to-height ratio, neck circumference and BMI had strongest association. The accuracy of the classification in relation to mild-to-severe OSA based on cut-off values of 92.5cm for waist circumference was greater than 72.9% in men, and 78.9% in women based on cut off values of 95cm. Regarding severe OSA, cut-off values of 116.1cm were greater than 91.3% accurate in the male population, and 95.1% in the female population with a cut-off value of 126.5cm. The study found waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio to be the best measure to assess sleep-disordered breathing in women. Waist-to-height ratio and neck circumferences were the best measures in men with mild OSA, but BMI was more closely associated with severe OSA. The present study identified the anthropometric variables with the highest risk for OSA and their respective cutoff value, according to gender.

Effects of hormonal contraceptives on sleep - A possible treatment for insomnia in premenopausal women.

Due to the changes that took place since the 1970s, women have achieved important socioeconomic positions. Many tasks, including domestic and familiar ones, continue to be under women's responsibility, which leads to an overload work. Additionally, the female organism has its peculiarities due to hormonal changes. Adding all these factors up, women seem to be more vulnerable to stressing factors and consequently, might be prone to present several health problems. Within this scenario, one can point out insomnia as a highly prevalent disease among women, directly affecting performance and quality of life. Progesterone has an important effect over sleep, acting both as a hypnogenic and as a respiratory stimulant. Hormonal contraceptives are largely recognized among the modern society women; however, little is known about the effects of these drugs on sleep. This proposal hypothesizes that the use of hormonal contraceptives, mainly those based on progestagens could be a new therapeutic element for the treatment of insomnia and one more tool to be used to improve women´s sleep pattern and quality of life.

Effects of experimental sleep deprivation on aggressive, sexual and maternal behaviour in animals: a systematic review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: Because of the relevance for the research on sleep deprivation and human behaviour, many preclinical studies have been conducted on aggressive, sexual and maternal behaviours in this field. Considering the available data and the complexity of the factors involved, the most appropriate way to summarise the effects of sleep deprivation on these behaviours is through systematic reviews and meta-analyses. This article describes the protocol for three independent systematic reviews and meta-analyses, evaluating the effects of sleep deprivation on aggressive, sexual and maternal behaviours in animals. SEARCH STRATEGY: A bibliographic search will be performed in four databases: Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and Psychinfo, searching for three domains: sleep deprivation (as the intervention), animals (as the population) and behaviour (as the outcome). SCREENING AND ANNOTATION: Titles and abstracts will first be screened, followed by analysis of the full text and data extraction. DATA MANAGEMENT AND REPORTING: SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation 's risk of bias tool will be used to evaluate risk of bias; visual analysis of funnel plots, Egger's regression and trim-and-fill will be employed to evaluate publication bias. Effect sizes will be calculated from the articles by either direct or standardised mean difference, depending on the nature of the data. Overall estimates will then be calculated using a random effects model. Heterogeneity will be assessed using both I2 index and Cochran's Q test. These meta-analyses should be useful to summarise the available data on the relationship between sleep deprivation and behaviour, providing a solid background for future behavioural sleep deprivation experiments, improving their validity.

Plasma Leptin and Premenstrual Syndrome: A Review.

IMPORTANCE: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is characterized by physical and psychological symptoms in the luteal phase. Leptin can influence PMS as it acts on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate data in the literature about the profile of plasma leptin in women with PMS. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We performed a search of databases using both descriptors. Three studies were identified. They included 181 participants. Two of these studies found higher leptin levels in women with PMS. RESULTS: Conflicting results were found regarding the leptin levels in the luteal phase and the correlation between leptin, estradiol, and progesterone levels. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Leptin could have a role in the pathophysiology of PMS and indicate degree of severity of PMS. Future studies on the role of leptin in PMS are needed.

Women's Sleep Disorders: Integrative Care.

The integrative care model is rooted in a biopsychosocial approach. Integrative is a term which refers to increasing the harmony and coherence of your whole being, and integrative care is therefore focused on the person, not on either the disease or a therapy. It is provided collaboratively by a health team comprising physicians, psychologists, physiotherapists, acupuncturists, and meditation, nutrition, and floral therapy. Previous studies have demonstrated that interventions based on the integrative care model improved womens lifestyle and quality of life. Our aim was to describe the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) alongside traditional medicine among women with sleep conditions in our Womens Sleep Disorders Integrative Treatment Outpatient Clinic. We are sharing our experiences and clinical practice as the model we developed seems to have both physical and psychological benefits for women with sleep problems. We discuss the wide range of benefits that result from this type of complex intervention, and the contextual factors that may influence these benefits. This will inform future practitioners and we hope to contribute to quantitative research in the clinical setting. The study highlights the importance of treating sleep complaints with a caring relationship and a CAM approach, alongside conventional medicine. Exploration of the lived experience of CAM and its meaning enables healthcare professionals to gain insights into the patients needs, preferences, and values. Gynecologists, clinicians, and health care providers should support and guide patients in their decision to use CAM by providing evidence-based and comprehensive advice on the potential benefits, risks and related safety issues of this approach.

Effects of acute sleep deprivation on state anxiety levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Increased anxiety levels have been widely recognized as one of the most important consequences of sleep deprivation. However, despite this general consensus, there are still aspects of this relationship, such as the extent of the anxiogenic potential and the specific effects of different types of sleep deprivation, which remain unclear. As no broad review has been undertaken to evaluate this relationship, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis regarding the effects of sleep deprivation on state anxiety. Our search strategy encompassed two databases - Pubmed/Medline and Scopus - through which we were able to identify 756 articles. After the selection process, 18 articles, encompassing 34 experiments, composed our final sample. Our analyses indicate that sleep deprivation, whether total or not, leads to a significant increase in state anxiety levels, but sleep restriction does not. Regarding the effect of the length of the period of sleep deprivation, no significant results were observed, but there was a notable tendency for an increase in anxiety in longer sleep deprivations. With regard to tools, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) seems to be the best one to measure sleep-induced anxiogenesis, while the Profile of Mood States (POMS) presented inconclusive results. In conclusion, it can be affirmed that sleep deprivation induces a state of increased anxiety, with similar results also in the case of total sleep deprivation; however, results in more specific experimental conditions are not definitive.